What is a Total Knee Replacement?

A total knee replacement (TKR), also known as primary knee replacement, is an operation to replace the damaged surfaces of the knee joint with artificial parts called implants or prostheses.

These implants are usually made of metal alloys and a specialised medical-grade polyethylene. Together, they mimic the natural movement of the knee joint, helping to:

• Relieve pain caused by arthritis or injury.
• Improve movement and stability.
• Restore quality of life when other treatments are no longer effective.

Why is a Knee Replacement Needed?

The most common reason is severe osteoarthritis, but surgery may also be recommended for:

• Rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory joint diseases.
• Post-traumatic arthritis (after a serious injury).
• Instability or repeated giving way of the knee.
• Fractures or severe damage to the joint that cannot be managed with other treatments.

What Happens During Surgery?

• The procedure is done under spinal or general anesthesia.
• The surgeon makes an incision over the knee and carefully removes the damaged bone and cartilage.
• The artificial components are fitted in:
  • A metal cap on the end of the femur (thighbone).
  • A metal tray on top of the tibia (shinbone).
• A plastic spacer is placed between the metal parts, allowing smooth, pain-free motion.
• The joint is tested for stability and movement before the wound is closed.

Most surgeries take 1–2 hours, and many patients can be up and walking with support on the same or next day.

Watch video of Total Knee Replacement

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery starts immediately after surgery and is just as important as the operation itself.

In the hospital:

• You’ll be monitored closely for pain, bleeding, or infection.
• Walking aids (walker, crutches, or cane) are provided.
• Blood-thinning medication and leg exercises are recommended to prevent clots.
• Physiotherapy begins soon after the operation to regain movement and strength.

At home:

• Keep the wound clean and dry.
• Elevate the leg to reduce swelling.
• Continue pain and anti-inflammatory medications as prescribed.
• Follow a structured physiotherapy programme to:
  • Restore range of motion.
  • Strengthen thigh and calf muscles.
  • Improve balance and confidence when walking.

Recovery timeline (typical):

• Walking with support: same day.
• Return to normal household activities: 4–6 weeks.
• Driving: usually after 6 weeks (when safe and cleared by your doctor).
• Return to sports and higher-impact activity: 6–12 months.

Risks and Complications

Knee replacement is a safe and effective procedure, but risks include:

• Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis).
• Infection at the surgical site or implant.
• Bleeding or stiffness.
• Nerve or blood vessel injury (rare).
• Implant wear or loosening over time.
• Allergic or anesthesia reactions.
• The rare need for revision surgery if the implant wears out or problems develop.

Benefits and Prognosis

• Over 90% of patients experience major pain relief and improved mobility.
• Many people return to walking, swimming, golf, cycling, and other low-impact activities.
• High-impact sports (running, jumping) are not recommended as they may shorten the lifespan of the implant.

REQUEST AN APPOINTMENT